Chinthu choyamba mu njira iliyonse yopangira kuwala ndikusankha zipangizo zoyenera zowunikira. Zowoneka bwino (refractive index, Abbe number, transmittance, reflectivity), katundu wakuthupi (kuuma, kupunduka, kuwira, Poisson's ratio), komanso mawonekedwe a kutentha (kuchuluka kwa kutentha, ubale pakati pa refractive index ndi kutentha) kwa zida zowunikira Zonse zidzakhudza mawonekedwe a kuwala kwa zinthu zowoneka bwino. Magwiridwe a optical components ndi machitidwe. Nkhaniyi ifotokoza mwachidule zida zodziwika bwino za optical ndi katundu wawo.
Zida za kuwala zimagawidwa m'magulu atatu: galasi la kuwala, galasi la kuwala ndi zipangizo zapadera.
01 Galasi la Optical
Galasi ya kuwala ndi amorphous (magalasi) optical medium material omwe amatha kufalitsa kuwala. Kuwala komwe kumadutsamo kumatha kusintha njira yofalitsira, gawo ndi mphamvu yake. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthu zowoneka bwino monga ma prisms, magalasi, magalasi, mazenera ndi zosefera mu zida zowonera kapena machitidwe. Galasi ya Optical imakhala yowonekera kwambiri, kukhazikika kwamankhwala komanso kufanana kwakuthupi pamapangidwe ndi magwiridwe antchito. Ili ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino komanso olondola. Mu otsika kutentha olimba boma, kuwala galasi amakhalabe amorphous dongosolo la mkulu-kutentha madzi boma. Momwemo, mkati mwa thupi ndi mankhwala a galasi, monga refractive index, coefficient yowonjezera kutentha, kuuma, kutsekemera kwamafuta, magetsi amagetsi, zotanuka modulus, ndi zina zotero, ndizofanana kumbali zonse, zomwe zimatchedwa isotropy.
Opanga magalasi owoneka bwino akuphatikizapo Schott waku Germany, Corning waku United States, Ohara waku Japan, ndi Galasi lanyumba la Chengdu Guangming (CDGM), ndi zina zambiri.
Refractive index ndi dispersion index
Optical glass refractive index curves
Transmittance curves
02. Kuwala kowala
Optical crystal imatanthawuza zinthu za kristalo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu optical media. Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe a makristasi owoneka bwino, amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga mawindo osiyanasiyana, magalasi, ndi ma prisms a ultraviolet ndi infrared application. Malinga ndi kapangidwe ka kristalo, imatha kugawidwa kukhala kristalo imodzi ndi polycrystalline. Zida za kristalo imodzi zimakhala ndi kukhulupirika kwakukulu kwa kristalo komanso kutulutsa kuwala, komanso kutayika kochepa, kotero makhiristo amodzi amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka muzitsulo zowala.
Mwachindunji: Zida zodziwika bwino za UV ndi infrared crystal zikuphatikizapo: quartz (SiO2), calcium fluoride (CaF2), lithiamu fluoride (LiF), mchere wa rock (NaCl), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), etc.
Polarizing makhiristo: Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito polarizing makhiristo monga calcite (CaCO3), quartz (SiO2), sodium nitrate (nitrate), etc.
Achromatic crystal: Makhalidwe apadera obalalika a kristalo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga ma lens achromatic goal. Mwachitsanzo, calcium fluoride (CaF2) imaphatikizidwa ndi galasi kuti ipange dongosolo la achromatic, lomwe lingathe kuthetsa kuphulika kwa mlengalenga ndi mawonekedwe achiwiri.
Laser crystal: imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zida zogwirira ntchito zama lasers olimba, monga ruby, calcium fluoride, neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet crystal, etc.
Zida za kristalo zimagawidwa kukhala zachilengedwe komanso zokulirapo. Makhiristo achilengedwe ndi osowa kwambiri, ovuta kukula mopangira, ochepa kukula kwake, komanso okwera mtengo. Nthawi zambiri amaganiziridwa ngati zinthu zamagalasi sizikwanira, zimatha kugwira ntchito pazowunikira zosawoneka ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale a semiconductor ndi laser.
03 Zida zapadera za kuwala
a. Galasi-ceramic
Galasi-ceramic ndi chinthu chapadera chowoneka bwino chomwe sichikhala galasi kapena kristalo, koma penapake pakati. Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa galasi-ceramic ndi galasi wamba kuwala ndi kukhalapo kwa kristalo. Ili ndi mawonekedwe abwino kwambiri a kristalo kuposa ceramic. Ili ndi mawonekedwe a kutsika kwamphamvu kowonjezera kwamafuta, mphamvu yayikulu, kuuma kwakukulu, kachulukidwe kakang'ono, komanso kukhazikika kwambiri. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pokonza makhiristo athyathyathya, timitengo ta mita, magalasi akulu, ma laser gyroscopes, ndi zina zambiri.
The matenthedwe kukulitsa coefficient ya microcrystalline kuwala zipangizo akhoza kufika 0.0±0.2×10-7/℃ (0~50℃)
b. Silicon Carbide
Silicon carbide ndi zida zapadera za ceramic zomwe zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati zida zowunikira. Silicon carbide imakhala ndi kuuma kwabwino, kutsika kwamafuta kocheperako, kukhazikika kwamafuta, komanso kutsika kwakukulu kwamafuta. Imatengedwa ngati chinthu chachikulu pamagalasi akulu akulu opepuka ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri muzamlengalenga, ma laser amphamvu kwambiri, ma semiconductors ndi magawo ena.
Magulu awa a zinthu zowoneka bwino amathanso kutchedwa optical media materials. Kuphatikiza pa magulu akuluakulu a zida za optical media, optical fiber materials, optical film materials, liquid crystal materials, luminescent materials, etc. zonse zimakhala za zipangizo zamagetsi. Kukula kwaukadaulo waukadaulo sikungasiyanitsidwe ndi ukadaulo wa optical material. Tikuyembekezera kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo waukadaulo wadziko langa.
Nthawi yotumiza: Jan-05-2024
